Twitch (Ministry album)

Twitch is the second studio album by American rock band Ministry, released on March 12, 1986 by Sire Records. Recorded mostly in London and West Berlin during 1985, it was produced by the band's frontman Al Jourgensen and On-U Sound Records owner Adrian Sherwood. It stepped away from the synthpop-oriented form of their debut studio album With Sympathy (1983) and moved toward a darker, more aggressive sound, heavily influenced by industrial dance groups Cabaret Voltaire and Front 242.

Preceded by "Over the Shoulder", with an accompanying video directed by Peter Christopherson, the album was supported by a concert tour of North America, which was the first to feature Paul Barker and Bill Rieflin in the line-up, playing bass guitar and drums, respectively. Although it received mixed reviews, Twitch is regarded, nonetheless, as a notable industrial dance album and an important record in Ministry's development as a band.

Background and production
Shortly after touring in support of Ministry's debut album, With Sympathy, Al Jourgensen parted ways with Arista Records, and returned with the band to Wax Trax! Records as of mid-1984. In that year’s Autumn, Ministry embarked on the tour of the East Coast with Belgian industrial dance band Front 242 as a supporting act; according to various accounts, Jourgensen began working on new music either during that tour or the same time With Sympathy was recorded. In his 2013 autobiography, Ministry: The Lost Gospels..., Jourgensen said that, during an aforementioned tour, Seymour Stein had attended several gigs trying to offer the band a new deal with his record label Sire Records, a Warner Bros. Records subsidiary. As various accounts state, Jourgensen declined an offer, recalling his experience with Arista, but eventually volunteered, setting conditions that Sire would give Jourgensen complete creative control over his work, and would give resources to buy a Fairlight CMI synthesizer, and also to support the Wax Trax! imprint; as Jourgensen put it in 2013, “it was kind of a personal sacrifice to keep that company rolling and allow them to keep signing bands”. By Summer 1985, Ministry released several non-albums singles on Wax Trax!: “All Day”, “(Every Day Is) Halloween”, and “The Nature of Love”, before getting signed to Sire. By this point, Jourgensen remained the only official member of Ministry.

Stein subsequently employed On-U Sound Records owner Adrian Sherwood as the record's principal producer, regarding his work with Depeche Mode on their 1984 singles "People Are People" and "Master and Servant". Jourgensen, Sherwood, and Keith LeBlanc began work in Chicago in Spring 1985, before relocating in London-based Southern Studios; the later sessions were held in West Berlin at Hansa Tonstudio. Recalling sessions in The Lost Gospels..., Jourgensen mostly regarded Sherwood for production advice, though he expressed dislike about his experience in London, citing cultural differences and conflicts with Sherwood’s friends; also he admitted that can’t “feel like this one's really mine because it's so Adrian Sherwood-influenced.”

Style and composition
Musically, Twitch is more abrasive and beat-driven than preceding Ministry releases, stepping away from the pop-oriented sound of With Sympathy, and incorporating elements from the growing industrial scene of the mid-1980s instead. Various authors wrote that the album’s overall sound is at times reminiscent of Ministry’s contemporary acts in Europe, Cabaret Voltaire and Front 242. It is described as an electronica, industrial, and EBM/industrial dance record which also contains material ascribed to the two latter genres, as well as dance-pop, dub, eurodisco, noise rock and synthpop. Jourgensen’s English-accented singing, while carried over from With Sympathy, was approached with distortion effects. Twitch was also the first Ministry record featuring use of sampling, which became one of Ministry’s trademarks over the years. The production also features the use of white noise and distortion.

The opening track, “Just Like You”, is cited by Jourgensen as his “first real political Ministry song”. “We Believe” is described as a “sequencer hammerlock” and has been compared to the music of Nine Inch Nails. “All Day Remix” is re-working of “All Day”, originally an A-side from the 1985 Wax Trax! single which included “Halloween”; drummer Stephen George and bassist Brad Hallen, who quit the band after 1984, were still credited for their contribution to the original track. “The Angel” is an “industrial ballad” featuring backing vocals from Jourgensen’s wife Patty (née Marsh); though uncredited, their daughter Adrienne appears as a toddler in this track’s intro.

“Over the Shoulder” single and video
The sole single from Twitch, “Over the Shoulder”, was released in late November 1985, and marked Ministry's debut on Sire. The song is cited as an early example of electro-industrial, and contains multiple layers of looped synthesizer parts along with distinctive heavy drum machine pattern along with Jourgensen's weak vocal appoarch, referred to by Billboard editors as “Scritti Politti heard over the telephone.”  In the same magazine's “Dance Trax” column, writer Brian Chin described it as “a Bee Gees satire.” In the later review for the March 1986 issue of Spin Magazine, columnist John Leland praised Sherwood's work with Ministry's “typically banal ideas.”

The music video for “Over the Shoulder” was directed by Peter Christopherson. According to Jourgensen, the director hired two kids to steal a car, then filmed it. When the band asked to film in a store, the owner refused. The director allegedly paid the same kids to break into the store and trash it, and the band asked once again. The owner, needing money to pay for cleanup, agreed. Jourgensen said, "Everything that happened on that video was criminal."

In 2000, the video of “Over the Shoulder” was featured on compilation album Tapes of Wrath; the song was to be featured on a 2001 compilation album Greatest Fits, but didn't made it to, mainly because of medium limitations.

Tour
Following the release of Twitch the band commenced a four-month tour through the US and Canada with a new four-piece line-up; Jourgensen approached former members of the Blackouts—Roland Barker, his brother Paul Barker and Bill Rieflin—to join the band. Both Barkers performed keyboards and bass, respectively; Rieflin joined on drums. Dave “Rave” Ogilvie, then producer of Canadian electro-industrial band Skinny Puppy, joined them as a sound engineer, while Frank Nardiello—future Thrill Kill Kult singer Groovie Mann—was a lighting technician.

Release and reception
Twitch was released on March 12, 1986 by Sire and Warner Bros. Records. Shortly after, it entered Billboard 200 on April 4 for three weeks, peaking at No. 194. A new issue of the album was released on March 13, 1990, featuring tracks from the “Over the Shoulder” single. As of February 2007, the album sold 138,755 copies in the United States.

Twitched, an unauthorized 2003 release by Radioactive Records, is an allegedely alternative version of Twitch, featuring the track listing that the band is said to have intended it to have before the intervention of the record company. It includes previously unreleased alternative versions of tracks from the album.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Twitch.

Ministry

 * Alain Jourgensen – vocals, production & engineering (3, 7a, 7b)

Additional personnel

 * Adrian Sherwood – production & engineering (1-7a, 7c)
 * Gareth Jones – engineering (1)
 * Keith LeBlanc – percussion & programming (4)
 * Patty Jourgensen – additional vocals (3, 4)
 * Brad Hallen – bass (3)
 * Stephen George – percussion (3)
 * Luc van Acker – vocals (7a)
 * Brian Shanley – album cover design, photography