1952 Summer Olympics

The 1952 Summer Olympics (Kesäolympialaiset 1952; Olympiska sommarspelen 1952), officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland, from July 19 to August 3, 1952.

Helsinki had been earlier selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled due to World War II. It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held. These were the first games to be held in a non-Indo-European language speaking country. It was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Thailand, and Saarland made their Olympic debuts in Helsinki 1952. The United States won the most gold and overall medals.

Host city selection
Helsinki was chosen as the host city over bids from Amsterdam and five American cities at the 40th IOC Session on June 21, 1947, in Stockholm, Sweden. Minneapolis and Los Angeles finished tied for second in the final voting.

The voting results in chart below:

Highlights



 * These were the final Olympic Games organised under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström.
 * Israel made its Olympic debut. The Jewish state had been unable to participate in the 1948 Games because of its 1947–1949 Palestine war. A previous Palestine Mandate team had boycotted the 1936 Games in protest of the Nazi regime.
 * Indonesia made its Olympic debut with three athletes.
 * The newly established People's Republic of China (PRC) participated in the Olympics for the first time, although only one swimmer (Wu Chuanyu) of its 40-member delegation arrived in time to take part in the official competition. The PRC would not return to the Summer Olympics until Los Angeles 1984.
 * The Republic of China (Taiwan) withdrew from the Games on July 20, in protest of the IOC decision to allow athletes from the People's Republic of China to compete.
 * For the first time, a team from the Soviet Union participated in the Olympics. The first gold medal for the USSR was won by Nina Romashkova in the women's discus throwing event. Only after I had felt a heavy golden circle in my hand, I realized what happened. I am the first Soviet Olympic Champion, you know, the first record-holder of the 15th Olympiad...Tears were stinging my eyes. How happy I was!... After her win at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

In Russian:''Только ощутив в руке тяжелый золотой кружок, я осознала, что произошло. Ведь я первая советская олимпийская чемпионка, первая рекордсменка XV Олимпиады... Слезы щипали глаза. Как я была счастлива!..''. "“Every record won by our sportsmen, every victory in international contests, graphically demonstrates to the whole world the advantages and strength of the Soviet system.”"
 * The Soviets turned the athletic competition into a metaphor for political propaganda.

- Sovetsky Sport


 * The first meeting between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in football is still the most famous one. On the political level, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the Yugoslav leader Josip Tito split in 1948, which resulted in Yugoslavia being excluded from the Communist Information Bureau. The origin of the conflict was Tito's refusal to submit to Stalin's interpretations and visions of politics and in process becoming a Soviet satellite state. Before the match, both Tito and Stalin sent telegrams to their national teams, which showed just how important it was for the two head of states. Yugoslavia led 5–1, but a Soviet comeback in the last 15 minutes resulted in a 5–5 draw. The match was replayed, Yugoslavia winning 3–1. The defeat to the archrivals hit Soviet football hard, and after just three games played in the season, CDKA Moscow, who had made up most of the USSR squad, was forced to withdraw from the league and later disbanded. Furthermore, Boris Arkadiev, who coached both USSR and CDKA, was stripped of his Merited Master of Sports of the USSR title.
 * The Olympic Flame was lit by two Finnish heroes, runners Paavo Nurmi and Hannes Kolehmainen. Nurmi first lit the cauldron inside the stadium, and later the flame was relayed to the stadium tower where Kolehmainen lit it. Only the flame in the tower was burning throughout the Olympics.
 * Hungary's Golden Team won the football tournament, beating Yugoslavia 2–0 in the final.
 * Germany and Japan were invited after being barred in 1948. Following the post-war occupation and partition, three German states had been established. Teams from the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saarland (which joined the FRG after 1955) participated; the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was absent. Though they won 24 medals, the fifth-highest total at the Games, German competitors failed to win a gold medal for the only time.
 * Rules in equestrianism now allowed non-military officers to compete, including women. Lis Hartel of Denmark became the first woman in the sport to win a medal.
 * Emil Zátopek of Czechoslovakia won three gold medals in the 5000 m, 10,000 m and the Marathon (which he had never run before).
 * The India national field hockey team won its fifth consecutive gold under captaincy of Kunwar Digvijay Singh
 * Bob Mathias of the United States became the first Olympian to successfully defend his decathlon title with a total score of 7,887 points.
 * Josy Barthel of Luxembourg pulled a major surprise by winning the 1500 m.
 * Eva Perón, the celebrated First Lady of Argentina, died of cancer in July 1952 while the Olympics were taking place, so a memorial was held at the Games for the Argentine team.

Sports
The 1952 Summer Olympics featured 17 different sports encompassing 23 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 149 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.


 * Aquatics
 * Road (2)
 * Track (4)
 * Dressage (2)
 * Eventing (2)
 * Show jumping (2)
 * Freestyle (8)
 * Greco-Roman (8)
 * Road (2)
 * Track (4)
 * Dressage (2)
 * Eventing (2)
 * Show jumping (2)
 * Freestyle (8)
 * Greco-Roman (8)
 * Freestyle (8)
 * Greco-Roman (8)
 * Freestyle (8)
 * Greco-Roman (8)
 * Freestyle (8)
 * Greco-Roman (8)
 * Freestyle (8)
 * Greco-Roman (8)
 * Freestyle (8)
 * Greco-Roman (8)
 * Freestyle (8)
 * Greco-Roman (8)

Demonstration sports

 * Handball
 * Pesäpallo

Venues
With an annual average temperature of 5.9 °C, Helsinki is one of the coldest cities to have hosted the Summer Olympics.


 * Hämeenlinna – Modern pentathlon
 * Harmaja – Sailing
 * Helsinki Football Grounds – Football
 * Huopalahti – Shooting (shotgun)
 * Käpylä – Cycling (road)
 * Kotka – Football
 * Laakso – Equestrian (eventing – riding)
 * Lahti – Football
 * Liuskasaari – Sailing
 * Malmi Rifle Range – Shooting (pistol/ rifle)
 * Maunula – Cycling (road)
 * Meilahti – Rowing
 * Messuhalli – Basketball (final), boxing, gymnastics, weightlifting, wrestling
 * Olympic Stadium – Athletics, Equestrian (jumping), Football (final)
 * Pakila – Cycling (road)
 * Ruskeasuo Equestrian Hall – Equestrian (dressage, eventing)
 * Swimming Stadium – Diving, Swimming, Water polo
 * Taivallahti – Canoeing
 * Tali Race Track – Equestrian (eventing steeplechase)
 * Tampere – Football
 * Tennis Palace – Basketball
 * Turku – Football
 * Velodrome – Cycling (track), Field hockey
 * Westend Tennis Hall – Fencing

Participating NOCs
A total of 69 nations participated in these Games, up from 59 in the 1948 Games. Thirteen nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1952: The Bahamas, the People's Republic of China, Gold Coast (now Ghana), Guatemala, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Netherlands Antilles, Nigeria, Soviet Union (USSR), Thailand, and Vietnam.

Japan and Germany were both reinstated and permitted to send athletes after being banned for 1948 for their instigation of World War II. Due to the division of Germany, German athletes from Saar entered a separate team for the only time. Only West Germany would provide athletes for the actual Germany team, since East Germany refused to participate in a joint German team.

Medal count
These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1952 Games.

50th anniversary coin
The 50th anniversary of the Helsinki Olympic Games was the main motif for one of the first Finnish euro silver commemorative coins, the €10 silver coin minted in 2002. The reverse depicts part of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium, as well as a section of the 1952 500 markka coin. The obverse has lettering SUOMI FINLAND 10 EURO, a flame, and Finland is the only country highlighted on earth.